Optical component

ABSTRACT

A tunable optical resonator for use as a tunable laser or optical filter comprising a cavity in which the cavity is delimited by a reflection grating and a reflector in which the reflection grating is fixed to a flexible support, the resonator also comprising means for flexing the flexible support for causing the grating to mimic rotation about a selected point. A micro-mechanical tunable resonator as above providing mode-hop free tuning.

[0001] The present invention relates to the field of optical components and, in particular to tunable optical components.

[0002] Widely tunable lasers are essential elements of dense wavelength-division modulation (DWDM) optical communications systems and wavelength-routed optical systems. Monolithic laser light sources currently exist in the form of multi-section distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) lasers. For example, Marconi Caswell Limited, Towcester, UK offers a 4-section sampled grating injection-tuned DBR laser (DC9806D) with >50 nm tuning range. However, the power output available from such monolithic tunable sources are lower than fixed wavelength devices. Furthermore, tuning of these devices requires a complex control algorithm based on stored calibration data, which may become inaccurate as the laser ages.

[0003] An alternative is offered by external cavity lasers, which may have the advantage of higher output power, a simpler relationship between control signals and the emission wavelength, reduced modal noise during tuning, and reduced sensitivity to ageing. External cavities based on thermally-tuned external fibre Bragg gratings allow excellent frequency selectivity, but a limited tuning range; mechanically-tuned dispersive gratings offer lower selectivity but a wider tuning range. External cavity laser diodes with dispersive gratings are now available.

[0004] As with conventional grating-tunable dye lasers, the most common geometries for a grating-tunable diode laser are the Littrow (see Wyatt R., Devlin W. J. “10 kHz linewidth 1.5 μm InGasP external cavity laser with 55 nm tuning range” Elect.Lett 19, 110-112 (1983) and Littman (see Littman M. G., Metcalf H. J. “Spectrally narrow pulsed dye laser without a beam expanded” Appl.Opt. 17, 2224-2227 (1978 Liu K. C., Littman M. G. “Novel geometry for single mode scanning of a tunable laser” Opt.Lett. 6, 117-118 (1981) cavity configurations.

[0005] The main problems faced by users of these cavities are to ensure 1) mode-hop free tuning, 2) thermal and mechanical stability, 3) high wavelength selectivity, and 4) wide-range tuning. Mode hopping occurs because the cavity supports a discrete set of longitudinal modes, which correspond to a discrete set of optical wavelengths. To ensure that the same mode is always selected by the grating, the cavity length must alter during tuning. Individual tuning schemes have used piezoelectric and motor translation, phase plates, and phase modulator sections in the laser to alter the apparent cavity length.

[0006] However, the same effect can be achieved using a well-chosen single motion (known as “synchronous tuning”). This involves rotating the tuning element (the grating or the mirror) about a point other than its centre, and optimum pivot points have been found for both Littrow (Favre F., Le Guen D., “Process of adjustment of a continuously tunable light source” U.S. Pat. No. 5,347,527 September (1994) and Littman (Radians “INTUN 1530 Continuous Tunable External Caivty Laser” Product Bulletin) cavities.

[0007] Most commercially-available tunable external cavity laser diodes systems are constructed from discrete components on low-expansion metal breadboards. Tuning is most commonly performed either by motor rotation or piezoelectric actuation. Although their optical performance is very good, the systems are extremely expensive, overall package dimensions are large (many cm), and tuning is too slow for use in communications. Available systems are therefore generally restricted to test functions. The smallest systems demonstrated have involved miniaturised packages containing either fixed or tunable Littrow cavities.

[0008] Miniaturization and integration are attractive, since they should reduce size and cost, and increase mechanical and temperature stability, longitudinal mode separation and the speed and precision of synchronous tuning mechanisms. Suitably engineered lasers could have a valuable sparing function in DWDM systems or act as agile sources in wavelength tuning based networks.

[0009] Micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) refer to small electro-mechanical devices created by use of silicon (or similar) processing technology. MEMS devices may be fabricated in a wide range of materials including semiconductors (silicon, germanium, gallium arsenide, indium phosphide), diamond and metals. MEMS technology is an appropriate integration route, but its impact on tunable lasers has so far been small. Hybrid MEMS tunable external cavity lasers have been demonstrated with small nickel electroplated mirrors placed close to the AR laser facet of a diode laser, rather than blazed reflection gratings. Consequently, the external cavity has been Fabry-Perot type. The systems have shown poor tuning characteristics (Uenishi Y., Tsugai M., Mehregany M. “Hybrid-integrated laser diode micro-external mirror fabricated by (110) silicon micromachining” Elect.Lett 31, 965-966 (1995), Uenishi Y., Honma K., Nagaoka S. “Tunable laser diode using a nickel micromachined external mirror” Elect.Lett 32, 1207-1208 (1996).

[0010] The vertical cavity semiconductor laser (VCSEL) is an alternative form of laser, which emits light normal to the wafer plane (rather than from a cleaved edge facet, as in a conventional laser diode). A mechanically movable mirror may be constructed above the wafer surface using multilayer deposition and etching. This may be combined with a VCSEL to form a tunable laser, but again with an external Fabry-Perot cavity.

[0011] The main advantage of the VCSEL approach is that extremely small, monolithically integrated lasers may be constructed, with a self-aligned external cavity. Tuning speeds and stability are therefore likely to be high, and the cavity is automatically set for lasing. Testing may also be carried out on-wafer. The main disadvantages are that entirely new laser structures arc required, and output powers are likely to be lower because of the reduced active volume. Tuning characteristics may also be complicated, because of the need to engineer a tuning mechanism equivalent to the optimum pivot discussed earlier.

[0012] There is therefore a case for hybrid tunable lasers, which have gain blocks (i.e. optical amplifiers) based on existing stripe-emitting diodes, but which use MEMS technology for the tunable external cavity. Until recently, processes have not been available to fabricate the high quality components needed in a such a laser. For example, most microengineered devices have been constructed using polysilicon surface micromachining. This fabrication technique does allow the construction of a pivot bearing, but the use of thin deposited polysilicon layers results in weak components with poor mechanical properties, and the need for clearances in lithography causes slop and instability in bearings (Fan L. S., Tai Y. -C., Muller R. S. “Integrated movable micromechanical structures for sensors and actuators” IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 35, 724-730 (1988), Mehregany M., Gabriel K. J., Trimmer W. S. N. “Integrated fabrication of polysilicon mechanisms” IEEE Trans. Electron Devidcees 35, 719-723 (1988).

[0013] The present invention provides a tunable optical resonator comprising a cavity delimited in one axis at one end by a reflector and at the opposite end by a reflection grating; in which the reflection grating is fixed to a flexible support, the optical resonator also comprising means for adjusting the length of the cavity along the axis by causing the grating to mimic rotation about a selected point by flexing the support.

[0014] In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a tunable laser light source comprising the tunable optical resonator.

[0015] In a further preferred embodiment, the invention provides a tunable optical filter comprising the tunable optical resonator.

[0016] Embodiments of the present invention will now be described by way of example, with reference to the drawings in which:

[0017]FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of the main elements of a Littrow cavity of the prior art;

[0018]FIG. 2 shows a schematic representation of the main elements of a Littman cavity of the prior art;

[0019]FIG. 3 shows an example MEMS suspended mechanical pat suitable for use in the present invention;

[0020]FIG. 4 shows the layout of a MEMS Littrow cavity, according to the present invention;

[0021]FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrate the principles of cantilever and portal frame constructions, respectively;

[0022]FIG. 7 shows a comb-drive electrostatic microactuator suitable for use in the present invention;

[0023]FIG. 8 shows the mounting of a comb drive electrostatic actuator on to a suspension flexure according to the present invention;

[0024]FIG. 9 shows a dynamical model of a MEMS tunable laser system according to the present invention.

[0025] The tunable optical resonator of the present invention will now be described with reference to its application to tunable lasers.

Principle of the Synchronously Tuned Littrow Cavity

[0026] The Littrow cavity as, shown in FIG. 1, uses a single pass through the grating, which is rotated to tune the wavelength. The cavity consists of a optical amplifier (OA) with one high-reflection coated end facet (10) and one anti-reflection coated facet (20), an anti-reflection coated lens (LE) and a high reflectivity blazed reflection grating (G), although other components such as etalons, cylindrical lenses, and prisms (not shown) may also be used to improve optical performance as described later.

[0027] The Littman cavity, as shown in FIG. 2 uses a double pass through the grating (G), and requires an external mirror (M), which is rotated for tuning. Spectral purity is enhanced in this geometry, because the filtering action of the grating is encountered twice per round trip.

[0028] In the Littrow geometry, longitudinal resonance is satisfied at wavelengths λ, for which:

λ=2Lc/m  (1)

[0029] where Lc is the effective cavity length (i.e., the optical length of all parts of the cavity, including the laser, the lens, and the air propagation distance) and in is the mode number.

[0030] Now, nth-order retroreflection from a blazed grating of period Λ set up at an angle θ to the oncoming beam occurs at wavelengths when:

λ={2Λ/n}sin(θ)  (2)

[0031] To match the resonance with the peak in grating reflectivity, the cavity length should therefore initially be adjusted so that Equations (1) and (2) are both satisfied, when:

Lc={mΛ/n}sin(θ)  (3)

[0032] To maintain this condition when the grating is rotated by an angle dθ to tune the wavelength, the cavity length must alter by a corresponding length dLc, such that

dLc/dθ={mΛ/n}cos(θ)=Lc/tan(θ)  (4)

[0033] To first order, this can be achieved by mounting the grating on a radius arm that extends tangentially from the grating as shown in FIG. 1, and by choosing the radius R of the

R=Lc/sin(θ)  (5)

[0034] This construction represents the optimum mounting of the grating for synchronous tuning. Note that the result in Equation 5 is independent of both the mode number m and the grating order n, so the optimum pivot radius is unique.

[0035] The process of aligning the laser cavity so that lasing takes place is itself relatively complicated. One method involves the laser (and often some other components) being mounted on flexure suspensions, allowing gradual and precise linear and angular adjustment. After lasing has been achieved, the flexures may be fixed in position by spot-welding

Miniaturisation of Tunable Laser Diode Systems

[0036] A device according to the present invention is based on a deep etched (i.e. at least 10 microns deep) silicon micro-engineered breadboard which provides alignment features for the laser diode and a Graded Index (GRIN) lens, and carries an electrically-tuned blazed grating on a flexure suspension to form a Littrow cavity. Deep etching is described in Laermer F., Schilp A. “Method of anisotropically etching silicon” U.S. Pat. No. 5,501,893 Mar. 26, 1996 and Gormley C., Yallup K., Nevin W. A., Bhardwaj J., Ashraf H., Hugget P., Blackstone S. “State of the art deep silicon anisotropic etching on SOI bonded substrates for dielectric isolation and MEMS applications” 5th Int. Symp. on Semiconductor Wafer Bonding, Fall Meeting of the Electrochemnical society, Hi., USA Oct. 17-22 (1999). The use of deep etching and bonded silicon on insulator (BSOI) to form the structure results in high mechanical quality, while the use of a flexure mount eliminates the need for a pivot bearing.

[0037] The mounting is designed to be capable of initial passive adjustment, followed by dynamic wavelength tuning. The grating is a deep etched structure, set up normal to the wafer plane, and mounted on a novel elastic flexure suspension that mimics the action of an optimised pivot to allow wide range, mode-hop free tuning. Electrical control of grating rotation and axial mode synchronisation is by electrostatic drives, although other actuation methods may be used.

[0038] The advantage of the invention compared with a conventional grating-tuned external cavity laser diode is that miniaturisation of the tuning mechanism will allow higher tuning speeds and improve mechanical and thermal stability, and the use of a mass fabrication technology will reduce costs. The use of existing stripe emitting diodes will allow output powers to be maintained at levels similar to those of fixed wavelength devices, which are typically considerably in excess of those currently achievable from VCSELs.

Example Construction Scheme for a MEMS Tunable Laser Diode

[0039] An example MEMS tunable laser system is based on a laser diode hybridised on a silicon breadboard formed by deep reactive ion etching of bonded silicon-on-insulator (BSOI). This approach allows thick, strain-free suspended mechanical parts to be made in single crystal silicon. For example, the Advanced Silicon Etch (ASE—a trade mark of Analog Devices (Belfast)), process can etch silicon to depths >350 μm at rates of ≈3 μm per min, so that deep structures are economic. Similarly, sidewall angles of 90°±0.25° anisotropy of >0.99 and feature aspects of 40:1 are possible on this basis allowing the production of high quality parts.

[0040] Using this approach, it is possible to fabricate suspended mechanical parts of the general form shown in FIG. 3. Here, a beam of length L and width w has been etched into the bonded layer (itself of thickness d) of a BSOI wafer by deep reactive ion etching. The oxide underlayer has been removed from beneath the relatively narrow beam by etching the sacrificial oxide interlayer with (for example) a wet acid etch such as buffered hydrofluoric acid. By choosing dimensions appropriately and timing the etch carefully. it is possible to undercut the beam completely, so that it can flex in the plane of the wafer while remaining fully supported by the relatively larger island at the left-hand end.

[0041] By combining fabrication techniques of this nature, more complex micro-opto-electromechanical systems may be fabricated. FIG. 4 shows the layout of a MEMS Littrow cavity according to a preferred embodiment. This might have dimensions≈5 mm×6 mm: an approximate 10-fold reduction in linear dimension over conventional systems. The substrate has been anisotropically etched to form a buried alignment V-groove for a ≈1 mm diameter quarter pitch GRIN lens prior to formation of a ≈2 μm thick thermal oxide layer and attachment of a ≈400 μm thick bonded silicon layer.

[0042] The mechanical parts and grating are formed in the bonded layer. Two deep dry etched levels define the device: the first passes right through the bonded layer and outlines all precision features (grating, flexures, electrostatic drives), while the second passes only half-way through and forms a terrace to mount the laser approximately on the optical axis. All features are etched together, using two masks (resist and oxide), one of which is stripped (i.e. removed) half way through etching. The sacrificial oxide is then removed. The resultant structure is metallised to increase grating reflectivity and allow electrical connections, and solder bumps are then deposited for the laser die.

[0043] The laser and lens mounts must be capable of one-time set-up adjustment to compensate for die bonding errors and lens outside diameter (OD) and core concentricity errors. The laser is therefore mounted on a two-axis flexure, while the lens alignment groove provides the third degree of freedom. Assembly of the system involves mounting the silicon breadboard on a feedback-controlled thermoelectric cooler to ensure temperature stability of the cavity, soldering the laser die in place against coarse passive alignment stops, and wire bonding.

[0044] The cavity is aligned using external micromanipulators to slide the GRIN lens along the V-groove to achieve collimation (the least critical operation), and electrostatic actuation to flex the laser support cantilevers and correct positional errors (the most critical). Lateral adjustment is performed by electrostatic comb drives, and vertical adjustment by a parallel plate drive. The laser output is monitored using a scanning Fabry-Perot optical spectrum analyser until lasing is achieved. The lens and the laser supports are then fixed in position.

[0045] Fabrication of a first-order grating reflecting at λ≈1.5 μm with θ≈45° requires 0.75 μm features. Although the use of second-order diffraction will halve the spectral selectivity of the grating, the 1.5 μm features of a second-order grating are within the scope of direct E-beam lithography, and the resulting pattern may be transferred to the bonded silicon material using existing deep reactive ion etching techniques.

Flexure Mount for Synchronous Tuning of MEMS Tunable Diode

[0046] The flexure mount used for the grating has the following attributes for mode-hop free tuning: 1) a primary end displacement that mimics rotation about an optimised pivot, and 2) a secondary linear motion that allows adjustment of the cavity length without altering the grating orientation. If we consider the simple cantilever, shown in FIG. 5, the linear and angular deflections Δ and θ caused by a point load F are:

Δ=F/kL and θ=F/kA  (6)

[0047] where kL and kA are linear and angular stiffnesses, given by:

kL=3EI/L³ and kA=2EI/L²  (7)

[0048] where E is Young's modulus and I is the second moment of area. For a rectangular beam of the type shown in FIG. 3, I=dw³/12.

[0049] From Equations 6 and 7, the linear and angular deflections are related by:

Δ=2θL/3  (8)

[0050] However, for an end deflection that mimics rotation about a fixed point, we require

Δ=θL  (9)

[0051] Given that Equations 8 and 9 differ, the rotation centre cannot be fixed correctly. Hence requirement 1), above, cannot be met by the simple cantilever of FIG. 5.

[0052] The present invention advantageously provides a compound flexure that allows linear and angular displacements to be adjusted separately, so that both conditions 1) and 2), above, can be met. FIG. 6 shows a compound flexure consisting of a cantilever of length L2 attached to a portal fame of length L1. Here, the linear and angular end displacements Δ and θ₂ are:

Δ=Δ1+Δ2=F{1/k1L+1/k2L} and θ2=F{1/k2A)

[0053] where the linear stiffness k1L of the portal frame, and the linear and angular stiffnesses k2L and k2A of the cantilever are given by:

k1L=24EI1/L1³,k2L=3EI2/L2³ and k2A=2EI2/L2²  (11)

[0054] where I1 and I2 are the second moments of the portal and cantilever flexures, respectively.

[0055] For an end displacement that mimics rotation, we require

Δ=θ2{L1+L2}  (12)

[0056] Equation 12 can be satisfied by careful choice of the ratio α=L1/L2. In the special case when I1=12 (i.e., for beams of equal width and depth everywhere), α is the solution of the cubic equation

α³−12α−4=0  (13)

[0057] The solution can be found numerically to be α=3.62.

[0058] Since this dimensional ratio is readily achievable in practise, we can deduce that a compound flexure with the dimensions L1=3.62L2 can therefore provide a tuning motion equivalent to that of an optimum pivot for the Littrow cavity geometry.

[0059] The point load F needed for tuning may conveniently be applied to the cantilever using a comb-drive electrostatic microactuator, as shown in FIG. 7 [103]. The device is essentially a variable capacitor, which consists of fixed and moving halves that carry interlocking finger electrodes. Assuming that there are N inner finger electrodes and N+1 outer electrodes, each of depth d and separated by gaps g, the overall capacitance C of the structure when the fingers overlap by a length X may be found from a parallel-plate capacitor approximation as:

C=ε₀2NXd/g  (14)

[0060] where ε₀=the dielectric constant of free space.

[0061] When the capacitor is charged to a potential V, it is simple to show that there is an attractive force between the two halves of the structure that depends on the derivative of the capacitance with position, of the form:

F=1/2dC/dxV²  (15)

[0062] Since he overlap length X is linearly dependent on x, the fore may be found as:

F=(ε₀Nd/g)V²  (16)

[0063] Tuning of the MEMS tunable laser may therefore be performed by mounting the moving half of a comb drive electrostatic actuator on the suspension flexure as shown in FIG. 8, so that the force given in Equation 16 may act to deflect the suspension. The deflection will be linearly related to the applied force. Because of the squared term in Equation 16, the deflection will not vary linearly with the applied voltage, however, alternative electrode geometries exist that have a linear force-voltage relationship.

[0064] Most importantly, applying a further point load to the portal frame using a second comb drive electrostatic actuator as shown in FIG. 8 allows independent adjustment of the linear position of the grating, without affecting its angular orientation. This second tuning element therefore allows the cavity to be tuned axially, to compensate for initial set-up errors made in aligning a cavity axial mode with the peak in grating reflectivity.

Example Design Parameters

[0065] We may estimate some typical example design parameters as follows, assuming that the elastic suspension is fabricated with constant beam widths of 10 μm in a bonded silicon-on-insulator wafer carrying a 100 μm thick bonded layer.

[0066] In this case, the beam width and depth are w=10 μm, d=100 μm, the second moment of area is I=(100×10³)×10⁻²⁴/12=8.333×10⁻²¹ m⁻⁴ and Young's modulus for silicon is E=1.08×10¹¹ N/m².

[0067] We shall assume the following arbitrary (but typical) lengths for the suspension members, namely L1=3.62 mm, and L2=1 mm. In this case, the effective radius R of the grating pivot arm is R=L1+L2=4.62 mm, and the cavity length is Lc=3.27 mm.

[0068] Using these parameters, the linear stiffness parameters k1L and k2L may be obtained from Equation 11 as:

K1L=24×1.08×10¹¹×8.333×10⁻²¹/(3.62×10⁻³)³=0.45 N/m,

k2L=3×1.08×10¹¹×8.333×10⁻²¹/(1×10⁻³)³=2.7 N/m  (17)

[0069] The overall linear stiffness kL of the compound suspension system may then be found using the conventional relation for series-connected elastic springs, namely:

I/kL=1/k1L+1/k2L=2.6 m/N so that kL=0.385 N/m  (18)

[0070] Tuning involves very small rotation of the grating. Differentiating Equation 2, we obtain:

dθ=tan(θ)dλ/λ  (19)

[0071] For a laser operating at λ=1.5 μm wavelength, with the grating angle set to θ≈45°, a tuning range of Δλ=±25 nm requires rotation of the grating through an angular range of Δλ max=±0.95°.

[0072] Rotation through this small angle requires a linear tangential motion of the grating of:

Δmax=±RΔθmax=4.62×10⁻³×0.95×π/180 ≈80×10⁻⁶ m, or 80 μm  (20)

[0073] To achieve this motion through electrostatic actuation, the force required is:

F=kLΔmax=80×10⁻⁶/2.6≈30×10⁻⁶ N, or 30uN  (21)

[0074] The maximum drive voltage may then be found by comparing Equations 16 and 21 to get:

(ε₀Nd/g)Vmax²=F=kLΔmax  (22)

[0075] so that the maximum voltage is:

Vmax={square root}{kLΔmax g/ε₀Nd}  (23)

[0076] If the electrostatic actuator is considered to consist of (say) an array of fingers with widths of 6 μm, separated by gaps of g=4 μm, then N=50 finger pairs may be contained in an actuator of overall length of (say) 1 mm. The maximum voltage is then:

Vmax={square root}{30×10⁻⁶×4×10⁻⁶/8.85×10⁻¹²×50×100X10⁻⁶}≈50V  (24)

[0077] There is scope in this design to alter the drive voltage by means of (i) reducing the electrode gaps, or (ii) by increasing the number of electrodes, or (iii) by decreasing the suspension stiffness

[0078] We may estimate the mass of the grating and the tuning actuator as follows. The calculations above suggest a comb electrode with a 1 mm span. A beam supporting the grating and moving electrode fingers over this span might have typical dimensions of 1 mm×50 μm. If the maximum translation of the grating is around 80 μm, the comb fingers must be approximately 100 μm long. Assuming that there are 50 electrodes, each 6 μm wide (as above), and assuming a structural depth of 100 μm and a density of 2330 kg/m³ for silicon, the approximate total moving mass is therefore:

m={(10⁻³×50×10⁻⁶)+(50×100×10⁻⁶×6×10⁻⁶)}×10⁻⁴×2330=1.864×10⁻⁸ kg  (25)

[0079] For a mass-spring resonance, the resonant frequency ω is given by:

ω={square root}(kL/m)={square root}(0.385/1.864×10⁻⁸)=4544 rad/s, or 725Hz  (26)

[0080] Tuning times are therefore likely to be in excess of 2 ms. This implies that tuning rates will be considerably in excess of conventional external cavity lasers.

[0081]FIG. 9 shows that the mount actually has three degrees of freedom, since it effectively contains one mass m1 mounted on a linear spring (the axial tong actuator), coupled to another mass m2 (the grating and its actuator), which also has inertia J2 and is mounted on a spring with linear and angular stiffness. Consequently, three characteristic modes are to be expected. However, appropriate dynamic behaviour can be obtained up to the frequency of the lowest order mode.

[0082] The selective nature of the tunable resonator of the present invention also has application in tunable optical filters advantageously offering mode hop free tuning. 

1. A tunable optical resonator comprising a cavity delimited in one axis at one end by a reflector and at the opposite end by a reflection grating; in which the reflection grating is fixed to a flexible support, the optical resonator also comprising means for adjusting the length of the cavity along the axis by causing the grating to mimic rotation about a selected point by flexing the support.
 2. The tunable optical resonator as claimed in claim 1 comprising means for flexing the flexible support to provide rotation and translation of the grating in a single motion.
 3. The tunable optical resonator of any above claim in which the flexible support is implemented in a semiconductor material.
 4. The tunable optical resonator as claimed in claim 3 in which the flexible support is produced by deep etching the semiconductor material.
 5. The tunable optical resonator as claimed in any above claim in which the reflection grating comprises a blazed grating.
 6. The tunable optical resonator as claimed in any above claim in which the flexible support comprises a portal frame in combination with a cantilever.
 7. The tunable optical resonator as claimed claim 6 in which the portal fame comprises a fixed end and a fee end, in which the cantilever is supported by the free end.
 8. The tunable optical resonator as claimed in any above claim in which the movement of the reflection grating provides mode hop free tuning.
 9. The tunable optical resonator as claimed in any above claim comprising first adjusting means for radial adjustment of the position of the grating and second adjusting means for independent axial adjustment of the position of the grating.
 10. A tunable laser light source comprising the tunable optical resonator as claimed in any above claim.
 11. The tunable laser light source as claimed in claim 10 in which the reflector is comprised in an optical amplifier.
 12. The tunable laser light source as claimed in any one of claims 10 and 11 comprising a stripe-emitting diode.
 13. A tunable optical filter comprising the tunable optical resonator as claimed in any one of claims 1 to
 9. 14. An optical communications system comprising the tunable optical resonator of any above claim. 